12-how we see in three dimensions.

All of the paragraphs in the passage contain information which explains how we see in three dimensions. The first paragraph ap proaches the topic from a physical standpoint -- the distance between the eyes and how the brain processes visual input. In the second para graph, the limitations of 3-D vision are established. Then the third paragraph introduces information about how we "see" three dimensions even when we know that what we are seeing (a flat canvas) is unidimensional. Finally, the topic is treated from a cultural standpoint.

13-a flower arrangement

In lines (11-15) you are told that we do not see in 3-D beyond 200 feet, that is, over long distances. Thus, 3-D vision would not be very useful in looking at a distant mountain range or clouds. In the third paragraph the author states that paintings are more convincing when viewed with one eye -- in other words, without 3-D vision. The flower arrangement is the object among the choices that would be viewed best with 3-D vision.

14-perception is learned.

The point of the final paragraph is that "this fancy eyework" is a learned behavior. To demonstrate that the way we (Western cul tures) perceive is a learned and not an inborn, universal quality, the author mentions other cultures that perceive pictures differently. This contrast reinforces the idea that what we see depends to some extent on what we are trained to see. Thus the details about cultural differences support the major point that how we see is a learned behavior.

15-informal

Both through the repetition of personal pronouns ("Your eyes," "you see," "you encounter," "our Western way,") and through the relatively simple choice of words for explaining the technical process of 3-D vision, the author establishes an almost conversational language. The passage is written as if the author were talking casually with the reader.

-PASSAGE FOUR-

After almost five years as an elected
Superior Court judge in Georgia, I am
convinced that all significant problems in the
administration of our judicial system can
be summed up in one word: politics.
Georgia judges are, purely and simply,
politicians. Some are able jurists, but they
all serve under a system that forces them to
be more political than a judge should be. I
learned early on that many citizens fail to
make a distinction between a judge/politician
and other breeds of politician. Trying to
explain to a constituent that you want his
support but that you can't do anything for
him is, at best, difficult.
Judges in Georgia have the worst of both
worlds -- they must run for election like a
county commissioner, but they are bound by
law to observe a strict set of rules: the
Canons of Judicial Conduct. The canons are
voluminous and complicated; suffice it to say
here that they make it impossible for an
honest person to run a campaign and be true
to them.
For example, a candidate for judicial
office cannot solicit funds or even ask
anyone to solicit votes for him. All of this is
done, in theory, by a committee of friends,
but in reality the canons are ignored by most
candidates.
It was a sight bordering on the
ridiculous this year to observe the candidates for
the Supreme Court of Georgia. Some of them
showed up at professional gatherings such as
State Bar meetings with political buttons on
their lapels, shaking hands feverishly with
everyone in reach. During the campaign, one
candidate was overheard remarking to a group
at a political function that he needed to
rush off to a "fund-raiser" in another town
-- a blatant and fundamental violation of
canons.
No one makes any serious effort to
enforce the rules of conduct that judges are
sworn to live by. Within the past few years
there have been flagrant violations of the
ban on political activity by judges, but
little, if anything, has been done about it.

PASSAGE FOUR

16. The underlined word constituent refers to

1. a judge specializing in constitutional law.
2. an opponent running for political office.
3. an ordinary citizen serving on a jury.
4. a person represented by an elected official.


PASSAGE FOUR
17. The underlined phrase suffice it most nearly means

1. it is better.
2. it is enough.
3. it is inexact.
4. it is unfair.


PASSAGE FOUR
18. In line 24, "them" refers to

1. the canons of Judicial Conduct.
2. judges in Georgia.
3. political commitments.
4. political supporters.


PASSAGE FOUR
19. What is meant by the statement that observing the candidates for the Supreme Court of Georgia "was a sight bordering on the ridiculous"?

1. The judges looked silly wearing campaign buttons and shaking hands.
2. The judges were behaving in an undignified manner.
3. The judges were openly violating the Canons of Judicial Conduct.
4. The candidates were obviously not qualified to be judges.


PASSAGE FOUR
20. It is implied that a judge is not likely to be re-elected if he

1. attends professional meetings.
2. follows the Canons of Judicial Conduct.
3. lets a committee campaign for him.
4. makes campaign promises.


PASSAGE FOUR
21. The passage most likely appeared in

1. chapter about the judicial system in a political science textbook.
2. The Canons of Judicial Conduct.
3. an editorial column of a newspaper.
4. a novel about Southern politics.

16-a person represented by an elected official

Both the general logic of the passage and the sentence containing the word provide clues for determining meaning. From the first paragraph you learn that the author is an elected Georgia judge. From the first sentence of the second and the third paragraphs, you learn that Georgia judges are politicians, that is, elected officials. In sum, judges are elected representatives who need support -- in the form of votes. The people the judge represents are known as his constituents

17-it is enough

The context clues for determining the meaning of this phrase are provided by the gist and grammatical structure of the third paragraph. Rules, known as canons, govern the behavior of Georgia judges. These canons are extremely lengthy and complex. They are, in fact, so complicated and unrealistic that a judge cannot follow the rules and campaign for office. It is enough ("sufficient" a common word, comes from the same base as "suffice") to say therefore that the canons make it impossible. An additional clue to the meaning of the phrase is provided by the grammatical structure of the sentence containing the phrase. Semicolons are used between two independent clauses related in meaning. In this instance, the clauses are joined by the phrase suffice it, which serves as a sentence modifier. The second clause expands on the information in the first clause. You learn that the canons are so complicated that they create an impossible situation.