General Information About Your Teeth
	Tooth Illustration
	Mouth Illustration

GENERAL INFO ABOUT YOUR TEETH
Standard Tooth Numbering

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: Definitions: names of teeth, sides, directions, tooth measurements
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: tooth cusp and style nomenclature, upper jaw
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: tooth cusp and style nomenclature, lower jaw

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for standardized measuring and description of teeth and measurements found in loris and potto literature

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in alphabetic order

[URL=<A][/URL]Figure 12.1 [Englishpractise.NET] Guest users may not see the links,So you need toRegister or Login

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Sources: photos from Ruhr-University; Osman Hill 1953,
De Blase and Martin 1981, Swindler 1978
[URL=<A][/URL]Figure 12.2 a
[URL=<A][/URL]Figure 12.2 b









[URL=<A][/URL]Definitions for standardized measuring and description of teeth and measurements found in loris and potto literature
Names of teeth:
Anterior teeth: incisors, canines
Posterior teeth: premolars, molars
Other names see figure 12.1

[URL=<A][/URL]Measurements of single teeth [mm], based on Swindler (1976):
Unit for tooth measurements: [mm]. Recommendation: measuring of the right tooth; left, tooth only if the one on the right side is badly worn, absent or damaged. "It is well-known that there are very few significant differences between the dimensions of right and left teeth" (Swindler, 1976)
Alveolar length: greatest length of alveolus of any specified tooth.
Alveolar width: greatest width of alveolus of any specified tooth.
Canine breadth: buccolingual diameter taken at the cemento-enamel junction at a right angle to the mesiodistal diameter.
Canine length:
C¹: maximum diameter from the mesial surface to the distolingual border
C₁: mesio-distal diameter measured at the level of the mesial alveolar margin
Crown height (h): (Definition?)
Incisor breadth: bucco-lingual diameter taken at the cemento-enamel junction at a right angle to the mesiodistal diameter.
Incisor length (l): mesio-distal diameter taken at the incisal edge of each incisor.
Molar breadth = with (w): maximum buccolingual diameter measured at a right angle to the mesiodistal diameter; breadth of both trigone (trigonid) and talon (talonid) taken.
Molar length (l): maximum mesio-distal diameter taken horizontally between the points of contact with the next tooth. If there is no contact point because of a diastema or missing tooth, the most distant mesial / distal point is chosen instead.
Premolar breadth = with (w): as in molar breadth.
Premolar length (l): as in molar length.

[URL=<A][/URL]Other measurements of dentition [mm], according to Schultz (1929), De Blase and Martin (1981), Lundrigan (1996), Molez-Verrière and Vincent (1995):
Diastema lengths: see figure. Definitions according to Schultz (1929), De Blase and Martin (1981), Lundrigan (1996), Molez-Verrière and Vincent (1995):

Diastema length between specified teeth: (for instance between C and P1): distance from the posterior margin of alveolus of cranial tooth to the anterior margin of caudel tooth specified.
Diastema length (mandible), general definition: from posterior margin of alveolus of last incisor present to anterior margin of alveolus of first cheek tooth present (DeBlase, Martin 1984) . In prosimians, the fact that the canine is small and incisiviform and the second premolar is caniniform must be considered.
Diastema length (maxilla), general definition: from posterior margin of alveolus of last incisor present to anterior margin of alveolus of first cheek tooth present (DeBlase, Martin 1984)

Mandibular diastema (DeBlase, Martin 1984): see diastema length (mandible).
Toothrow and other skull-related measurements see under definitions for skull measurements


[URL=<A][/URL]Names, synonyms, approximate location of cusps, styles and other parts of teeth in alphabetic order (location on the tooth: see figure 12.2):
...id: suffix added to terms concerning lower dentition (Swindler 1976)
...conule, ...conulid (for instance metaconule, hypoconulid): minor cusps on the crests connecting the principal cusps (Swindler 1976)
...style, ...stylid: minor cusps belonging to the cingulum or cingulid if present; named for the related large cusps, e. g. protostyle or protostylid (Swindler, 1976).
Carabelli cusp: see under protostyle
cingulum, cingulid, see also under ...style: "girdled the primitive tooth; portions of it may still be present on teeth of extant primates. When present, these structures are noted by the suffix "style (stylid)" and are named for the related cusp, e. g. protostyle or protostylid (Swindler, 1976).
Cristid obliqua (Szalay 1969): lower jaw (Swindler, 1976)
Cusp, cusplet (Hornbeck and Swindler 1967): tooth structure having structural or functional occlusal areal components delimited by developmental grooves and having independant apexes (Swindler 1976).
Distoconulus (Remane, 1960); synonym: postentoconule (Hershkovitz 1971): upper jaw.
Distostyle: see under metastyle
Distostyle (P^2-4) (Kinzey 1973): upper jaw (Swindler 1976)
Distostylid: see under hypoconid
Ectostyle-1: see under mesostyle
Ectostylid (Kinzey 1973): lower jaw (Swindler, 1976)
Entoconid (Osborn 1907): lower jaw (Swindler, 1976)
Entocrista (Hershkovitz 1971): upper jaw (Swindler 1976)
Eocone: see under paracone.
Eoconid: see under paraconid.
Epicone: see under protocone.
Epiconid: see under protoconid
Hypocone: upper jaw. The distal expansion of the cingulum, forming a heel or talon, commonly presents a new cusp: the hypocone (Swindler 1976)
Hypoconid (Osborn 1907), synonym: distostylid (Vandebroek 1961): lower jaw (Swindler 1976)
Hypoconulid (Osborn 1907), synonym: parastylid: lower jaw (Swindler 1976)
Hypoflexid notch (Schwartz, Beutel 1995): Definition? Structure in the region of contact of cristid obliqua and metaconid?
Interconule: see under postprotostyle
Mesiostyle: see under parastyle
Mesostyle (Osborn 1907), synonym: ectostyle-1 (Hershkovitz 1971): upper jaw.
Metacone (Osborn 1907): upper jaw. Absent in most extant primates (Swindler 1976)
Metaconid (Osborn 1907): lower jaw (Swindler, 1976)
Metastyle (Osborn 1907); synonym: distostyle (Vandebroek 1961): upper jaw. (Swindler 1976)
Metaconule (Osborn 1907); synonym: plagioconule (Vandebroek 1961): upper jaw. Absent in most extant primates
Metalophid: see under tuberculum sextum
Paracone (Osborn 1907); synonym: eocone (Vandebroek 1961): upper jaw. Absent in most extant primates
Paraconid (Osborn 1907); synonym: eoconid (Vandebroek 1961): lower jaw. Absent in most extant primates (Tarsius excepted) (Swindler, 1976)
Paracristid (Szalay 1969): lower jaw (Swindler, 1976)
Paraconule: see under protoconule
Paralophid: see under postentocristid
Parastyle (Osborn 1907); synonym: mesiostyle (Vandebroek 1961): upper jaw (Swindler, 1976)
Parastylid: see under hypoconulid
Plagioconule: see under metaconule
Postentoconule: see under distoconulus
Postentoconulid: see under tuberculum intermedium
Postentocristid (Hershkovitz 1971); synonym: paralophid (Van Valen, 1966): lower jaw (Swindler, 1976)
Postfossid: see under trigonid
Postmetaconulid: see under protostylid
Postmetacrista (Szalay 1969): upper jaw (Swindler, 1976)
Postmetacristid (Szalay 1969); synonym: prefossid (Van Valen, 1966): lower jaw (Swindler, 1976)
Postprotostyle (Kinzey 1973); synonym: interconule (Remane 1960): upper jaw (Swindler, 1976)
Prefossid: see under postmetacristid
Premetacrista (Szalay 1969): upper jaw (Swindler, 1976)
Premetacristid: see under protocristid
Preprotocrista (Van Valen, 1966); synonym: protoloph (Remane, 1960): upper jaw (Swindler, 1976)
Protoconid (Osborn 1907); synonym: epiconid (Vandebroek 1961): lower jaw (Swindler 1976)
Protocone (Osborn 1907); synonym: epicone (Vandebroek 1961): upper jaw (Swindler 1976)
Protoconule (Osborn 1907); synonym: paraconule (Van Valen, 1966): upper jaw (Swindler 1976)
Protoconid (Osborn 1907); synonym: eoconid (Vandebroek, 1961): lower jaw (Swindler 1976)
Protocristid (Szalay 1969); synonym: premetacristid (H): lower jaw (Swindler, 1976)
Protofossa: see under trigon
Protoloph: see under preprotocrista
Protolophid: see under tuberculum sextum
Protostyle (Kinzey 1973); synonym: Carabelli cusp: upper jaw, see under "...style" (Swindler 1976)
Protostylid (Kinzey 1973): lower jaw; see under "...style" (Swindler, 1976)
Talonid; talonid basin (Szalay 1969): lower jaw. Develops on the distal aspect of the trigonid and frequently bears three cusps: hypoconid, entoconid and hypoconulid (Swindler 1976)
Trigon, trigon basin (Szalay 1969); synonym: protofossa (Van Valen 1966): upper jaw: a three-cusped triangle formed by paracone, metacone and protocone (Swindler, 1976).
Trigonid; trigonid basin (Szalay 1969); synonym: postfossid (Van Valen, 1966): lower jaw. A three-cusped triangle formed by paraconid (which in primates is usually absent), metaconid and protoconid (Swindler, 1976).
Tuberculum intermedium (Remane 1960); synonym:postentoconulid (H): lower jaw (Swindler, 1976)
Tuberculum sextum (Remane 1960); synonyms: metalophid (Osborn 1907), protolophid (Van Valen 1966): lower jaw (Swindler, 1976)

Tooth Name


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1. Parents
Parents are concerned about the health of their children. We provide information on dental health starting from birth. Answers are given to questions such as:
When do you start brushing baby teeth? What can be done about injuries to baby teeth? When should a child first go to the dentist? What are the benefits of fluoride?
Does diet matter to dental health? Are sweets really so bad for children's teeth? When can crooked teeth be straightened? Does it matter if they are just left crooked?

The Anatomy section contains the names, shapes and positions of teeth. We suggest that you visit the Anatomy page as it will help you to understand this website.
A Calendar of Tooth Growth shows the pattern of tooth growth from pre-birth to age six years. See the miracle of tooth-growth unfold.
An Eruption Chart indicates the average arrival times of the baby teeth. Did you know that they erupt with their roots only partially formed? Why is this of importance?
Discover what is taking place in your child's mouth, and the importance of good oral hygiene. [URL=<A][/URL]
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This website is easy to read and understand. You may be surprised to see in the Calendars of Tooth Growth how teeth grow and erupt. They cover the periods from pre-birth to six years, and from seven to twenty one years.
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Read how to brush and floss your teeth to avoid problems. When can you have your crooked teeth straightened? Will it hurt? Will it work? Read on. [URL=<A][/URL]
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An awareness of the state of your teeth and gums , and how to best care for them, is essential for a healthy mouth. A healthy mouth is necessary for good general health, especially as we grow older.
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There should no longer be any reason for the elderly to have poor oral health. The effects of ageing, and how they can be treated, are shown in this website.
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Can teeth be improved or replaced even in old people? What can be done about my loose dentures? Why is it particularly important for older people to have good natural or artificial teeth? [URL=<A][/URL]
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The Anatomy of Teeth and Jaws

A knowledge of the outer shapes and internal details of the teeth and jaws will help the viewer to understand and appreciate the simplyteeth website. We suggest that you familiarise yourself with the information provided. The subjects to be detailed are:

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1. The Teeth and Their Parts:

• Each tooth has two main parts, the crown and the root.
• The crown and the root meet at the neck of the tooth, which is normally just below the gum margin.
  

The tooth

Normal teeth, gum and bone

• The crown
  This is the part of the tooth that we see in the mouth.
  It is made up of the enamel, dentine and pulp.
  The appearance of teeth varies in shape and size.
  • The front incisor teeth have a straight edge as a cutting tool.
  • The canine or eye teeth are the pointed long teeth between the incisor and premolar teeth.
  • The pre-molar and molar teeth are larger and have cusps.
  • A cusp is the raised pointed part of the chewing surface of a tooth.
  • The presence of large cusps on pre-molar and molar teeth marks the main difference between them and the front teeth.
  • Pre-molar teeth (bicuspids) have two cusps.
  • Molar teeth each have four or more cusps.
  • The four permanent lower incisor teeth each erupt with three small cuspettes that resemble a serrated edge. These cusps wear down with use and the teeth remain with a straight edge.
  • The four permanent upper incisors may erupt with three very small cuspettes. These are much less obvious than those on the lower incisors. They are also normally worn away to form a straight edge.

• Enamel
  • The enamel is the white hard covering over the crown of the tooth.
  • It is shaped into cusps, fissures and pits in premolar and molar teeth.
  • It is the hardest material in the body and does not have a nerve supply.
    Chipping or damage to enamel only will not be painful.
  • It also does not have a blood supply.
    This results in a chipped tooth remaining exactly as it is.
    Enamel cannot heal or repair as bone or dentine can.

• Dentine
  • Dentine is a cream coloured hard material that makes up the bulk of the tooth.
  • It is covered by enamel on the crown, and by cementum on the roots.
  • The dentine surrounds and protects the nerves and blood vessels (pulp) in the crown and roots.
  • Dentine is alive or vital in as much as more dentine can be formed, and it can register pain.
    • A protective layer of secondary dentine can be layed down over the pulp.
    • This happens in response to caries, attrition, abrasion, erosion, or fracture of a tooth, when the dentine becomes exposed.
    • The tooth becomes sensitive to temperature changes and feels painful, when the dentine is exposed in the above mentioned ways.

• Pulp
  The nerves and blood vessels of the tooth are called the pulp.
  • The pulp occupies the root canals, and the pulp chamber in the crown of the tooth.
  • When it is exposed to infection by decay or injury it will die and cause severe pain. An abscess will develop on the root.
  • The tooth will have to be extracted if a root canal treatment is not performed to save it.

• The roots
  The roots are embedded in the tooth socket in the jaw bone.
  • The front incisor and eye-teeth each have a single root.
  • Pre-molar teeth (bicuspids) have one or two roots.
  • The molar teeth can have two or three roots.
  • Each root has a root canal for the nerves and blood vessels to pass through.
  • Roots are covered by cementum and held in place by the periodontal ligament.

• Cementum
  • The cementum is a thin calcified covering of the roots.
  • It meets the enamel at the neck of the tooth.
  • It has no nerve supply.
  • The cementum covers the dentine of the roots.
  • It is attached to the periodontal ligament.

• Periodontal membrane or ligament
  The periodontal ligament attaches the roots to the alveolar bone of the jaw.
  • It has both a nerve and blood supply
  • The ligament provides an elastic cushion between the tooth and the bone. Slight movement of a tooth is made possible by the ligament.
  • Teeth are not rigidly joined to bone. There is flexibility.

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2. Tooth Names and Positions.

A. Baby Teeth
Tooth Names		Positions
Front Teeth: A. Central incisor B. Lateral incisor C. Canine or eye tooth	Upper Teeth
Back Teeth: D. First molar E. Second molar	Lower Teeth
A. Permanent Teeth
Tooth Names		Positions
Front Teeth: 1. Central incisor 2. Lateral incisor 3. Canine or eye tooth	Upper Teeth
Back Teeth: 4. First premolar 5. Second premolar 6. First Molar 7. Second Molar 8. Third Molar Or Wisdom Tooth	Lower Teeth

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3. The Jaws and Jaw Joints (Temporomandibular Joints / TMJ)

• The temporomandibular joints are the two jaw joints, one at each side of the face.
  • Movement of the lower jaw is made possible by this joint.
  • The upper jaw is called the maxilla and is joined to the temporal bone.
  • The lower jaw is called the mandible or mandibular bone.
  • The term "temporomandibular" refers to the connection between these two bones.
  • Chewing and speech would not be possible without this joint.

Jaw joint (TMJ)

• The TMJ is a variation of a hinge joint. It is technically called a sliding hinge joint. This allows the jaw to be flexible and move in a number of directions:
  • The lower jaw moves up and down when the mouth is opened and closed.
  • When we chew food and speak the jaw movements can be forward and backward, sideways and circular.
  • In young children the jaw only moves up and down like a regular hinge.
  • The flexibility and other movements of the jaw develop with the arrival of the permanent teeth.

Jaw open

Jaw closed

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4. Dental x-ray viewing and interpretation
A dental x-ray is a picture of the inside of a tooth and bone.

• How to read or interpret an X-ray:
  Soft objects appear black, solid objects are white on x-ray.
• What you see as grey/black on x-ray:
  • Decay.
  • Abscess.
  • Nerves and blood vessels (the pulp).
  • Gum in the spaces between teeth.

• What you see as white/cream on x-ray:
  • The enamel.
  • Metal fillings and crowns will be white.
  • The dentine appears as a creamy white colour.
• Bone has a mottled grey and white appearance. It has a fine white line at its margin around the teeth.

Abscess above root
(the dark area)

Illustration of x-ray showing tooth parts and bone

Dentists and Dental Specialists[URL=<A][/URL]
General dentists and dental specialists

• The general dentist is qualified to carry out most dental procedures.
  A patient may be referred to a specialist for a second opinion or when the treatment seems to require specialised knowledge and skill.
• A dental specialist works in a more specialised, and therefore a narrower field, than a general dentist.
  A specialist is equipped to treat cases where the complexity of a condition requires additional qualification and skills.
• Specialists may overlap in the treatments they undertake. For instance, both periodontists and prosthodontists may replace teeth using implants. In addition, a general dentist may carry out procedures that could in certain circumstances be referred to a specialist. <!-- There is an overlapping of treatments that the specialists carry out. There does not seem to be a strict allocation of services. -->

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General dentists

• The general dentist is the person we usually refer to as "the dentist".
  • Patients should visit the dentist every six months for a dental check-up, which may include routine dental x-rays and a scale and polish treatment.
  • Some dentists employ dental hygienists for the cleaning, scaling and polishing of teeth. Others perform this procedure themselves.
  • Dentists are qualified to diagnose dental problems and treat patients of all ages.
  • If necessary these will be referred to a specialist dentist.
  • Fillings, extractions, root canal treatments, replacement crowns, bridges, veneers, dentures and other treatments, are routinely undertaken by a general dentist.
  • The dentist can administer a local anaesthetic, but general anaesthesia must be administered by a specialist anaesthetist, in a specially equipped theatre.

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Specialist dentists

• In addition to their basic dental training, specialist dentists have to complete at least another two years of training.
  • They undertake procedures that require specialist knowledge and skill in specific areas of dentistry.
  • Specialist dentists usually practise in their specialised field only.
• Endodontists
  • Endodontists are specialists who treat the nerves and blood vessels inside the tooth.
  • They treat conditions caused by injury or disease.
  • The most common treatment by an endodontist is a root canal treatment.
  • This involves removing dead or diseased tissue from the root canal, filling it with a special material, and then sealing it to prevent infection.
  • This procedure can save a tooth which would otherwise have to be extracted.
  • Endodontists also perform operations such as amputating a root from a multi-rooted tooth, or removing the tip of a root (apicectomy).
• Oral and maxillo-facial surgeons
  These specialists deal with difficult extractions, such as the removal of impacted wisdom teeth.
  • They also perform surgery on other parts of the face and mouth:
  • Tumours are removed from the head, neck, mouth and face.
  • Jaws can be re-aligned by surgery.
  • Implants are placed in the jaw to make tooth reconstruction possible.
    These implants will be used to support replacement crowns, bridges, or dentures.
• Orthodontists
  Orthodontists straighten teeth and correct the alignment of teeth and jaws.
  • This improves both the function and the appearance of the teeth.
  • When there is crowding the orthodontist may need to extract some teeth.
  • Wires, rubber bands and various other devices are used to move teeth into their correct alignment.
  • Most orthodontic patients are children and adolescents.
  • Increasingly, however, adults are having the function and appearance of their mouths improved by orthodontics.
• Paedodontists
  These are paediatric dentists that specialise in the treatment of children.
  • Paedodontists treat children from the age of one to adolescence or early adulthood.
  • They are trained to recognise early problems and to predict potential problems from early symptoms.
  • They will watch for decay, crowding, teeth out of position, injury or disease.
  • Knowledge of child psychology enables the paediatric dentist to treat nervous and anxious children sensitively.
• Periodontists
  Periodontists are dentists who specialise in diagnosing and treating conditions of the gums, bone and other tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth.
  • These conditions may be caused by disease or injury.
  • Periodontists treat gingivitis and periodontitis.
  • They may graft gum tissue or bone where these have been destroyed.
  • They may place implants in the jaw to support tooth replacements.
  • The repairing or reconstructing of supporting tissues saves teeth that would otherwise loosen, fall out or be extracted.
• Prosthodontists
  Prosthodontists are dentists who specialise in the repair or replacement of worn, broken or missing teeth.
  • Prosthodontists design and place crowns, bridges and dentures. These may be supported by implants, as well as by the remaining natural teeth.
  • A dental technician (not a dentist or dental specialist) makes these crowns, bridges and dentures from impressions of the patient's mouth and teeth taken by the prosthodontist.

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Teeth!!!

I hate to tooth extraction!